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"Seeking the Truth about Chronology Today"
List of Calendars
Numerous calendars have been created by people all over the world. This article briefly explores these. The dates below represent when each calendar is commonly believed to have been introduced for usage.
“The standard works on ancient Greek and Roman calendars in English are Bickerman (1968/1980) and Samuel (1920). …They stand at the end of a long and venerable European tradition in the history of chronology which goes back through Ginzel (1906-14) to Ideler (1825-6) to Scaliger (1629). These latter works remain fundamental, but they are also practically inaccessible for most people.”
– Robert Hannah (2013)[2, p.1]
“Without dating and time-keeping devices, it would be close to impossible to coordinate political, economic, religious, and all other social activities; without calendars, society would not be able to function.”
– Sacha Stern (2012)[3, p.1]
Solar Calendars
45 BCE: Julian calendar
1st century CE: Coptic calendar
1st century CE: Ethiopian calendar
988 CE: Byzantine calendar
1079 CE: Jalali calendar
10th century CE: Old Icelandic calendar
1281 CE: Seasonal Instruction
13th century CE: Runic calendar
1582 CE: Gregorian calendar
1645 CE: Seasonal Constitution
1700 CE: Swedish calendar
1740 CE: Astronomical year numbering
1745 CE: Pancronometer
1793 CE: French Republican Calendar
1839 CE: Rumi calendar
1849 CE: Positivist calendar
1873 CE: Baháʼí calendar
1888 CE: Thai solar calendar
1900 CE: Invariable calendar
1902 CE: International Fixed Calendar
1912 CE: Minguo calendar
1923 CE: Revised Julian calendar
1925 CE: Solar Hijri calendar
1926 CE: Era Fascita
1929 CE: Soviet calendar
1930 CE: World calendar
1930 CE: Pax calendar
1949 CE: Pataphysical calendar
1957 CE: Indian national calendar
1963 CE: Discordian calendar
1973 CE: World Season Calendar
1989 CE: Tranquility Calendar
1993 CE: Holocene calendar
1997 CE: Juche era calendar
1998 CE: Nanakshahi calendar
2004 CE: Symmetry454
2004 CE: Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar
Lunar Calendars
1000 BCE: Gezer Calendar
632 CE: Islamic calendar
9th century CE: Nepal Sambat
1633 CE: Javanese calendar
1950s CE: Assyrian calendar
2009 CE: Igbo calendar
Lunisolar Calendars
Bronze Age: Umma calendar
Iron Age: Six Ancient Calendars
Iron Age: Gaulish calendar
Ancient India: Vikram samwat
713 BCE: Roman calendar
6th century BCE: Attic calendar
4th c. BCE: Old Persian calendar
4th c. BCE: Seleucid Calendar
3rd c. BCE: Genesis calendar
238 BCE: Ptolemaic calendar
510 CE: Chinese calendar, Dàmíng origin (大明曆)
6th century CE: Japanese calendar
619 CE: Chinese calendar, Wùyín origin(戊寅元曆)
640 CE: Pyu calendar
11th-12th c. CE: Hebrew calendar
13th c. CE: Tibetan calendar
15th c. CE: Incan calendar
15th c. CE: Muisca calendar
16th c. CE: Chula Sakarat
Fixed Days Calendars
Bronze Age: Egyptian calendar (365 days)
1st millennium BCE: Haab’ (365 days)
1st millennium BCE: Tzolk’in (260 days)
1st c. CE: Qumran calendrical texts (364 days)
3rd c. CE: Zoroastrian calendar (365 days)
Mediaeval: Armenian calendar (365 days)
Pawukon calendar (210 days)
Tonalpohualli (260 days)
Xiuhpohualli (365 days)
Lunar/Solar Galactic Calendar
1990 CE: Dreamspell
My Alphabetical Selection
Agricultural calendar/s[6, p.114], [8, p.56]
Aitolian calendar[6, p.82]
Alexandrian calendar[6, p.90]
Arithmetical calendar/s[7, pp.viii-ix]
Astronomical calendar/s[7, p.ix]
Astronomical lunar calendars[7, p.x]
Astronomical solar calendars[7, p.ix]
Athenian calendar[6, p.29]
Aztec calendars[7, p.ix]
Babylonian calendar[6, p.83], [7, p.x]
Balinese Pawukon calendar[7, p.ix]
Baha’i calendar[7, p.x]
Bengali calendar[5, pp.63, 103]
Bouleutic calendars[6, p.70]
British calendar[5, p.87]
Caesarian calendar[8, p.101]
Christian calendar[5, p.63]
Chinese calendar[1, p.24]
Calendar of Miletos[6, p.81]
Calendar of Filocalus[6, p.139]
Classical Hebrew calendar[7, p.x]
Clog calendar[5, p.105]
Coptic calendar[7, p.89]
Delian calendar[6, p.74]
Dionysian calendar[7, p.89]
Delphic calendar[6, p.40], aka Delphian calendar[6, p.81]
Double cycle calendars[7, p.ix]
Ecclesiastical calendars[7, p.viii]
Egyptian calendar[6, p.85], [8, p.39]
Elean calendar[6, p.81]
Ethiopic calendar[7, p.91]
Federal calendars[6, p.79]
Festival calendars[6, p.70]
French Revolutionists’ calendar,[5, p.68] French Revolutionary calendar[7, p.x]
Fusli[5, p.63]
Greek calendar/s[1, p.26]
Gregorian calendar[1, p.85]
Haab calendar[7, p.ix]
Hebrew calendar[1, p.160]
Icelandic calendar[7, p.99]
Indus Valley calendars[1, p.28]
Imperial calendar[8, p.24]
ISO calendar[7, p.95]
Islamic calendar[1, p.27], aka Moslem calendar[5, p.63]
Japanese calendar[7, p.x]
Jewish calendar[1, p.25]
Julian calendar[1, p.29], [6, p.112]
Korean calendar[7, p.x]
Liturgical calendars: Roman Catholic Church[1, p.29], Christian[1, p.31]
Local calendar[8, p.40]
Lunar celandar[6, p.31]
Lunisolar calendar[1, p.24]
Macedonian calendar[8, p .38]
Mayan calendar[1, p.29], calendars[7, p.ix]
Mesoamerican calendars[1, p.28]
Mesopotamian calendar[1, p.25]
Meteorological calendars[8, p.44]
Metonic calendar[1, p.23]
Modern Hindu calendars[7, p.x]
Mycenaean calendar[6, pp.16, 26]
Old Hindu calendars[7, p.ix]
Observational calendars[6, pp.43, 48]
Observational Islamic calendar[7, p.x]
Phokian calendar[6, p.79]
Persian calendar[7, p.ix]
Public calendars[6, p.102]
The Republican calendar[6, p.98]
Regulatory calendars[6, p.49]
Ritual calendar[6, p.71]
Roman calendar[1, p.23]
Russian calendar, also called Old Style[5, p.100]
Samaritan calendar[7, p.x]
Samvat calendar[5, pp.63, 102]
Seleucid calendar[6, p.95]
Single cycle calendars[7, p.ix]
Solar calendar[1, p.24], [6, p.33]
Star calendars (parapegmas)[6, p.52-53]
Stellar calendar[8, p.39]
Stone calendars[8, p.101]
Statutory Calendar[5, p.16]
Statute Law Calendar of Great Britain[5, p.60]
Standard Mesopotamian calendar[6, p.83]
Sumerian calendars[6, p.27]
Syro-Macedonian calendar[5, p.30]
Thessalian calendar[6, p.81]
Tibetan calendar[7, p.x]
Tzolkin calendar[7, p.ix]
Vietnamese calendar[7, p.x]
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References:
[1] – Mondschein, Ken, and Neal Stephenson. On Time: a History of Western Timekeeping. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020.
[2] – Robert Hannah. “Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Classical World” (2013). https://books.google.com/books?id=qTWPAQAAQBAJ&dq=ancient+calendars&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Accessed 18 Dec. 2020.
[3] – Sacha Stern. “Calendars in Antiquity: Empires, States, and Societies” (2012). https://books.google.com/books?id=FI9pAgAAQBAJ&dq=ancient+calendars&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Accessed 19 Dec. 2020.
[4] – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calendars. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.
[5] – James Cecil Macdonald. “Chronologies and Calendars” (London, 1897).
[6] – Hannah, Robert. Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Classical World. Illustrated, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2005. Accessed 23 Jan. 2021.
[7] – Edward M. Reingold & Nachum Dershowitz. “Calendrical Calculations: The Ultimate Edition” (Cambridge, 2018). Accessed 27 Jan. 2021.
[8] – E. J. Bickerman. “Chronology of the Ancient World” (1968). Accessed 30 Jan. 2021.
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Great to see it included!
I wrote about it at Wikipedia and included my photo of Chía:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_calendar
LikeLiked by 1 person